NON- CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

ABSTRACT

              Not only in industries but also in our economic life in general significance of energy generation or power shows a steadily increase productivity in most important industrial fields such as mining, metallurgical, civil engineering, architecture and in all types of machine construction etc. there is an impending need to make much more need to make Non Conventional Energy attain popular acclaim.  This is also very essential to preserve the conventional sources of energy and explore viable alternatives like sustainable energy (the energy which we are already utilizing but for some safety of other uses we are suddenly wasting it, that can be reutilized), solar, wind and biomass that can enhance sustainable growth.  What is more, such alternatives are environment friendly and easily replenish able.  Therefore, they need to be thoroughly exploited with a functionally expedient, energy matrix mix.

               The Stair case electricity generator is specially planned to design and fabricate the conversion unit for utilizing the available unconventional energy source. That is tremendously available energy in low intensity with ample quantity can be utilized. This machine converts reciprocating motion in to rotary motion. The rotational power is stored in flywheel & flywheel rotate alternator that generate electricity.

                This source of power can be used at the station building, platform and waiting rooms. Also by accumulating this low intensity electricity in Batteries, it can be supplied to the commercial complexes or shopping complexes near by the railway station or in big villages or in towns where there is scarcity of electric supply.

                                                                    GENERATION OF ENERGY

The development planning process designs strategies and activities to use, enhance or conserve both natural and economic goods and services. In big modern cities, economic goods and services almost completely replace the natural ones.

Energy is the prime source of all socio-economic activities of the human community. The demographic rate of growth globally and the widening spectrum of economic growth would result in demands of energy at an incremental rate of 7 to 8% annually.  This can easily support a GDP growth of 8 to 9% per annum. Projections point toward a doubling of global energy demands in the decade starting 2020.   There will be a marked shift in patterns of energy consumption whereby developing economies of the world would have a share exceeding two-third of global energy consumption by that period.

Fossil fuels' consumption would remain the major source of energy generation and globally employed power generation technologies. The apportionment of renewable energy in the entire energy supply will continue to be marginal in the real sense.  The contribution of renewable energy-excepting hydel energy and conventional biomass as a proportion of global energy output is pegged at a paltry 2%. This scenario in all likelihood is not going to be altered therefore, guaranteeing the possibility of nudging the renewable contribution up to 5% by 2020. The global sources of fossil fuel will have become dearer due to their depletion thereby, making the viability of fossil fuel plants restoring parity with the renewable sources.  60% of the cumulated energy needs world-wide would be met through renewable sources.

Growing economies, especially of Asia are gifted with sufficient resource base and non-conventional energy technologies are consistent both for grid linked energy generation and transmission in out of the way locales that are islanded from the grid.  Adaptation of technology and employing them should be pursued right from this moment to have a head start, be informed of the barriers in technology applications of the renewable variety and synergising them with the existing, traditional power production technology and T&D networks.  It is known that in coming times, wind energy will be the most cost-effective renewable resource. Yet, it is doubtful if any individual technology would hold centre-stage.

It was in the 1970s that the real potential and role of renewable energy sources was sensed and identified in India for sustainable energy growths. During the past quarter of a century, a significant thrust has been given to the development, trial and induction of a variety of renewable energy technologies for use in different sectors.  The activities cover all major renewable energy sources, such as biogas, biomass, solar energy, wind energy, small hydro power and other emerging technologies.

India has presently among the world's plentiful agenda on renewable energy. In the 8th Plan, vis-à-vis a proposal of 600 MW generations, close to 1050 MW of power generating capacity fastened to renewable energy sources was added. About 1500 MW of the total grid capacity in the country is now based on renewable energy sources. India is rated fourth in the world with a wind power capacity of 1000-1100 MW.  Small hydel power generation, which is especially ideal for remote, hilly regions, presently not exploited but holds a potential of 500 MW in today's scenario. India has an extensive cane sugar production and we are implementing the world's biggest biogases based cogeneration programmed in agglomeration with sugar mills. There is substantial leverage as regards to deducing energy from urban and industrial wastes. The National Programmes lays special emphasis on supplying energy to rural areas. Close to 2.75 million biogas plants and over 28 million upgraded wood-stoves are also in use in the country.

In the sphere of solar energy use, solar photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies are gaining immediate reception for a host of industrial and commercial applications, as well as in Non Electrified and Rural Zones (NERZ). The country has the world's largest assemblage of solar photovoltaic, consisting of about 500,000 PV systems totaling to 39 MW, and encompassing over 30 variegated operations.

There is an added emphasis on venturing into grid quality power generation Programmes oriented on solar thermal and solar photovoltaic technologies. A 140 MW Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) Power Project is being accorded conclusive shape to be established at Methane near Jodhpur in Rajas than. This will be the first of its kind, and the largest such project in the world.

To give a fillip to power generation from renewable energy, State Governments and utilities provide remunerative power purchase agreements and arrangements for wheeling, banking and buy back of power. 12 States have so far announced policies for non-conventional energy based power generation. The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA), the corporate financing arm of the Ministry, is the only Agency of its kind in the world dedicated to financing of renewable energy projects. Interest rates vary from 0% to 16%, with special rates being offered for projects.

There is an impending need to make much more forays to make Non Conventional energy attain popular acclaim.  This is also very essential to preserve the conventional sources of energy and explore viable alternatives like solar, wind and biomass that can enhance sustainable growth.  What is more, such alternatives are environment friendly and easily replenish able.  Therefore, they need to be thoroughly exploited with a functionally expedient, energy matrix mix.

A revolutionary step would be the advent of renewable energy co-operatives for power vending, installation and servicing of renewable energy systems in pockets like NERZs. With a view to take a long-term perspective, and to actualize the entire scope of Non-Conventional energy sources, it is incumbent to draw up a capacious Renewable Energy Policy involving all players in the field, together with the active participation of consumers as well

In the Ninth Plan (1997-02), the accent is on according commercialization and development of entrepreneurship in all Renewable and Non Conventional Energy Schemes and Plans.  An extra power generating capacity from Renewable and Non Conventional Energy sources of about 1500 MW is envisaged.  The immediate challenge is to reconcile the reduced budgetary allocations in the 9th Plan due to fiscal control.   The Ministry of Non Conventional Energy has stated objective of propping up 24,000 MW from Renewable and Non Conventional Energy by the year 2012.

The need is however to have adequate policy framework to be in place with an aim to provide impetus through streamlining the structure of Renewable and Non Conventional Energy.  The high potential is what should spur maximum efforts. The bottlenecks are that although there are good plans, we often fall short in measuring up to meet the desired levels of optimization of our potential. If there is a strict regiment by which Renewable and Non Conventional Energy Sources are utilized, India is sure to have adequate measure of success. The Numero Uno position in Renewable and Non Conventional Energy is well within reach with a little bit of concerted effort.

STAIR  CASE  ENERGY  GENERATOR

INTRODUCTION

                               Thus we selected stair case power generator means the “Energy in motion when it is suddenly applied with a sort of obstacle, then according to Newton’s law for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Utilization of this reaction is the basic reason behind the selection of this project work.”

FIG 1:  the set up flow diagram

We can install generator along with the arrangement of converting the       reciprocating motion to the rotary motion. This rotary motion is further magnify using reciprocating motion in to rotary motion-belt & pulley drive. The output of pulley is attached with flywheel it stored kinetic energy and transfer to alternator which generate electricity with zero cost.

WORKING OF PROJECT

                  STAIR CASE STEP POWER GENERATOR Converters basically new concept of non-conventional energy generation. It is electro-mechanical energy generating machine. This machine converts reciprocating motion in to rotary motion. The rotational power is stored in flywheel & flywheel rotates dynamo, which generates electricity.

Here first important point is how we get reciprocating motion, which is prime input in the system. For that we use weight of stepping person on the stair case step that climbs or get down the over the overhead bridges. We put our machine underneath the stair case installing different  units below every step foot space. Each person stepping on the every foot step will press the individual unit separately. All the units are connected to the common shaft using chain and sprocket drive. For stepping moment only the energy is generated and for that instant sprocket wheel will rotate the common shaft summing up the rotating motion altogether.

                The head of rack is brought up to level beneath the stair foot plate surface. When person move on the step, the rack on it will be pushed down. The rack is attached with free wheel type pinion that rotates in one direction only. The rack & pinion arrangement convert reciprocating motion in to rotary motion.

                This rotary motion is further magnified using reciprocating motion in to rotary motion-belt & pulley drive. The output of pulley is attached with flywheel

which stores kinetic energy and transfer to dynamo which generate electricity with zero cost.

                 A "generator" and "motor" is essentially the same thing: what you call it depends on whether electricity is going into the unit or coming out of it. A generator produces electricity. In a generator, something causes the shaft and armature to spin. An electric current is generated, as shown in the picture (lighting bolt).Lots of things can be used to make a shaft spin - a pinwheel, a crank, a bicycle, a water wheel, a diesel engine, or even a jet engine. They're of different sizes but it's the same general idea. It doesn't matter what's used to spin the shaft - the electricity that's produced is the same.

The sizes of major components are flywheel is with 1m dia, 10cm rim width, and 20mm rim thickness. It is a six-armed flywheel.   Mounted on a shaft with 4/5 cm. Dia. A bicycle mechanism is arranged with the help of which limb movement of the operator is converted into rotation of big sprocket of the chain drive.   The speed of small sprocket is further amplified using G’ a speed rise gear pair.  A young lad of age group 20-25, slim stature 165cm height, speeds up this flywheel up to 800 rpm in duration of 1 minute.

      

                                                                 TRANSMISSION OF SYSTEM